Огляд схем NOMA для бездротових мереж 6G: сучасний стан, основні схеми, перспективи та безпека

Автор(и)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20535/S0021347025010017

Ключові слова:

M-MIMO, масова багатоканальна система з багатоканальним входом і виходом, NOMA, система неортогонального множинного доступу, 6G, шосте покоління, DL, глибоке навчання, RIS, реконфігурована інтелектуальна поверхня

Анотація

Система неортогонального множинного доступу NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access), яка є ключовою схемою для шостого покоління (6G), революціонізує бездротовий зв’язок, забезпечуючи масове підключення, спектральну ефективність SE (spectral efficiency) та справедливість по відношенню до користувачів. Мультиплексування в області потужності та послідовне придушення перешкод SIC (successive interference cancellation) дозволяють NOMA підтримувати декількох користувачів в одному блоці часових і частотних ресурсів, на відміну від ортогонального множинного доступу OMA (orthogonal multiple access). Притаманна бездротовому зв’язку природа широкомовлення створює значні виклики для безпеки фізичного рівня PLS (physical layer security). Проаналізовані стратегії для поліпшення PLS при розгортанні NOMA включають безпечне формування променів, введення штучного шуму AN (artificial noise), реконфігуровані інтелектуальні поверхні RIS (reconfigurable intelligent surfaces) та кооперативне глушіння. У цьому дослідженні розглянуті передові методики PLS для NOMA в декількох операційних сценаріях, включаючи масові багатоканальні системи з багатоканальним входом і виходом M-MIMO (massive multiple-input multiple-output), повнодуплексну FD (full-duplex) релейну ретрансляцію, міліметрові хвилі (mmWave), RIS, автомобільний зв’язок та зв’язок за допомогою безпілотних літальних апаратів (БПЛА). В дослідженні розглянуті нові методики безпечного розподілу потужності та алгоритми сполучення користувачів у пари з використанням глибокого навчання DL (deep learning) та глибокого навчання з підкріпленням DRL (deep reinforcement learning). Це дослідження охоплює новаторські академічні розробки щодо того, як ці досягнення зменшують ризик прослуховування, забезпечують конфіденційність даних та покращують безпеку передачі в різних сценаріях згасання сигналу. Це дослідження показало, що безпечна NOMA може бути інтегрована з терагерцовим (ТГц) зв’язком, інтегрованим зондуванням та зв’язком ISAC (integrated sensing and communication), квантово-стійкими протоколами та енергоефективними зеленими парадигмами в 6G. У роботі досліджено RIS NOMA та DL NOMA в сценаріях підвищеної швидкості вузлів у часово-селективних каналах з затуханням Накагами-m та k–m. Це дослідження дає основу при побудові безпечних бездротових мереж з підтримкою NOMA.

 

Скорочення за темою статті:

AmBC (ambient backscatter) — зворотне розсіювання в навколишньому середовищі
AN (artificial noise) — штучний шум
BCE (binary cross-entropy) —
BCGD (block coordinate gradient descent) — блоковий градієнтний спуск координат
Bi-LSTM (bidirectional long short-term memory) — двонаправлена довга короткочасна пам'ять
CAM (connected and automated mobility) — підключена та автоматизована мобільність
CNN (convolutional neural network) — згорткова нейронна мережа
CNN-AE (convolutional neural network–autoencoder) —
C-NOMA (cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access) — кооперативний NOMA
CR (cognitive radio) — когнітивне радіо
CRGAT (complex residual graph attention network) — складна мережа з урахуванням залишкових графів
CSI (channel state information) — інформація про стан каналу
DCMA (dense code multiple access) —
DDPG (deep deterministic policy gradient) — глибокий детермінований градієнт стратегії
DL (deep learning) — глибоке навчання
DRIS (dynamic reconfigurable intelligent surface) — динамічно реконфігурована інтелектуальна поверхня
DRL (deep reinforcement learning) — глибоке навчання з підкріпленням
DS (direct sequence) — пряма послідовність
EE (energy efficiency) — енергоефективність
EFOPA (energy-efficient and fair optimal power allocation) — Енергоефективний та справедливий алгоритм оптимального розподілу потужності
EGNN (edge graph neural network) —
EH (energy harvesting) — енергозбирання
FAS (fluid antenna systems) — система флюїдних антен
FH (frequency hopping) — скачкоподібна зміна частоти
FSO (free space optics) — оптичний зв'язок у вільному просторі
GAN (generative adversarial network) — генеративна суперечлива мережа
GNN (graph neural network) — графова нейронна мережа
GOCA (group orthogonal code access) — груповий ортогональний кодовий доступ
HAP (high-altitude platform) — висотна платформа
IDMA (interleave division multiple access) — розділення з чергуванням та множинним доступом
IIoT (industrial internet of things) — промисловий Інтернет речей
IoT (internet of things) — Інтернет речей
IRS (intelligent reflecting surface) — інтелектуальна відбиваюча поверхня
ISAC (integrated sensing and communication) — інтегроване зондування та зв'язок
KPI (key performance indicator) — ключові показники ефективності
LDMA (location division multiple access) — множинний доступ з розподілом місця розташування
LIS (large intelligent surface) — велика інтелектуальна поверхня
LLM (large language model) — велика мовна модель
LOS (line of sight) — лінія прямої видимості
MA (multiple access) — множинний доступ
MDN (mixture density network) — мережа змішаної щільності
MEC (mobile edge computing) — мобільні периферійні обчислення
MED (minimum-error discrimination) — розпізнавання з мінімальною похибкою
Meta-DDPG — метанавчання з глибоким детермінованим градієнтом стратегії
M-MIMO (massive multiple-input multiple-output) — масова багатоканальна система з багатоканальним входом і виходом
mMTC (massive machine type communication) — масовий обмін даними між машинами
MUSA (multi-user shared access) — multi-user shared access
NCMA (network-coded multiple access) — мережевий кодований множинний доступ
NGMA (next-generation multiple access) — багатоканальний доступ систем наступного покоління
NGWN (next-generation wireless network) — бездротова мережа наступного покоління
N-LOS (non-line of sight) — без прямої видимості
NOCA (non-orthogonal coded access) — неортогональний кодований доступ
NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) — система неортогонального множинного доступу
OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) — ортогональний частотний поділ множинного доступу
OMA (orthogonal multiple access) — ортогональний множинний доступ
OP (outage probability) — ймовірність відмови
ORIS (optical reconfigurable intelligent surface) — оптично реконфігурована інтелектуальна поверхня
PD-NOMA (power domain NOMA) — домен потужності низхідного каналу
PLC (power line communication) — лінія електропередач
PLS (physical layer security) — безпека фізичного рівня
PON (passive optical network) — пасивна оптична мережа
PSO (particle swarm optimization) — оптимізація рою частинок
QAOA (quantum approximate optimization algorithm) — квантовий алгоритм наближеної оптимізації
QLSTM (quantum long short-term memory) — квантова довга короткотривала пам'ять
QoS (quality of service) — якість обслуговування
RIS (reconfigurable intelligent surfaces) — реконфігурована інтелектуальна поверхня
RL (reinforcement learning) — навчання з підкріпленням
RNN (recurrent neural network) — рекурентна нейронна мережа
RSMA (rate-splitting multiple access) — множинний доступ з розподілом місця розташування
SAGIN (space-air-ground integrated network) — інтегрована мережа «космос-повітря-земля»
SCMA (sparse code multiple access) —
SCO (successive convex optimization) — послідовна опукла оптимізація
S-DF (selective decode and forward) — протокол селективного декодування та пересилання
SDMA (space division multiple access) — множинний доступ з розділенням простору
SE (spectral efficiency) — спектральна ефективність
SER (symbol error rate) — коефіцієнт символьних помилок
SIC (successive interference cancellation) — послідовне придушення перешкод
SICNet (selective inter-slice context network) — Метаселективна міжсегментна контекстна мережа
S-LSTM (stacked long short-term memory) — стекова довга короткочасна пам'ять
SoDeMA (software defined multiple access) — програмно-визначений множинний доступ
SOP (secrecy outage probability) — ймовірність відмови секретності
SSMA (short-sequence-based spreading multiple access) — короткопослідовний розширений множинний доступ
SSR (secure semantic rate) — безпечна семантична швидкість
TAS (transmit antenna selection) — вибір передавальної антени
TDL-C (tapped delay line type C) — канал 5G типу C з відгалуженою лінією затримки
THz (terahertz communication) — терагерцовий зв'язок (ТГц)
UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) — безпілотний літальний апарат (БПЛА)
UDAC (ultra-dense access channel) — архітектура надщільного каналу доступу
UOWC (underwater optical wireless communication) — підводний оптичний бездротовий зв'язок
URLLC (ultra-reliable low-latency communication) — надзвичайно надійна система зв'язку з низькою затримкою
USD (unambiguous state discrimination) — однозначне розпізнавання стану
V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) — система транспортний засіб-інфраструктура
V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) — система між транспортними засобами
V2X (vehicle-to-everything) — транспортний засіб до всього
VLC (visible light communication) — зв'язок у видимому світлі
WPT (wireless power transfer) — бездротова передача енергії
ZF (zero forcing) — примусове обнулення

 

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Схематичне зображення бездротових мереж 6G

Опубліковано

2025-01-25

Як цитувати

Шанкар, Р., Кумар, І., Кашьяп, М., Джа, А. К., & Чаудхарі, Б. П. (2025). Огляд схем NOMA для бездротових мереж 6G: сучасний стан, основні схеми, перспективи та безпека. Вісті вищих учбових закладів. Радіоелектроніка, 68(1), 3–40. https://doi.org/10.20535/S0021347025010017

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